Cooperative Thinking: The BUILD Strategy

Resources:

• Cooperative Thinking Strategies Research Website
• Strategram Vol. 20, No. 4: BUILD Strategy e-Learning Program (.pdf)
• Strategram Vol. 12, No. 4: Group Think: LEARN, BUILD, SCORE, THINK Strategies (.pdf)

The Story Behind the BUILD Strategy from author Sue Vernon:
My focus for the last 30 years has been on helping youths learn, and especially on helping them learn how to use social skills. My interest in social skills instruction began when I was a teaching-parent in a group home for adolescents who had a history of social problems. Clearly, those youths had not learned the social skills they needed to be successful in today’s world. Nevertheless, experience showed they could learn to use social skills well, given the right type of instruction. Later, I was the co-founder and Director of Training and Evaluation of the Teaching-Family Homes of Upper Michigan, originally developed through funding from the Michigan State Department of Mental Health and Father Flanagan’s Boys Home. This new agency eventually provided services to over 1,000 youths per day in schools, residential group homes, regional treatment centers, treatment foster homes, schools, and in counseling centers. My primary responsibility in this position was teaching adults (e.g., parents, teachers, foster parents, counselors) to teach social skills to children, and everyday I witnessed these adults successfully teaching the various skills to the youths in their care. Unfortunately, the population receiving instruction was often children who were already involved in the juvenile justice “system.” They were in trouble and had been removed from their homes. As I watched their growing success, I wanted to find a way to introduce social skills instruction as a way to prevent social problems – I wanted to teach children alternative ways of behaving that would help them not only to stay out of trouble but also to create and maintain relationships. I thought the perfect place to prevent problems would be in the general education classroom beginning in elementary school.

As a result, a whole line of research on social skills instruction was born. During early research efforts, I began observing and recording social interactions as students worked in cooperative groups on different types of tasks (and I was appalled at how the students treated one another – especially how other students treated students with exceptionalities). I surveyed teachers and found that they actively supported social skills instruction and were looking for ways to enhance productivity in cooperative groups. They had specific types of tasks in mind that they wanted their students to complete. For example, they wanted their students to learn how to work together to resolve a controversial issue. Thus, my colleagues and I developed and tested the Build Strategy program in general education elementary classrooms. Our goal for the Cooperative Thinking Strategy Series was to develop programs that could be used in general education classes and that would benefit students with and without exceptionalities. We wanted students to learn ways to cooperate with each other that they could use in their future lives, such as in post-secondary schools, work, and community situations.

Author's Thoughts about BUILD Strategy Instruction:
I have observed the Build Strategy program being successfully used in schools and in group-home settings with elementary, middle school, high school, and college students. I have no doubt that even adults in business settings could benefit from the principles taught in this program. David and Roger Johnson were our consultants on the Cooperative Thinking Strategy Series. In one brainstorming session during the development of the Build Strategy program, David suggested that we avoid the area of “debate” (which was our original intent). In a “debate,” of course, one side loses. Instead, he suggested setting up a situation in which both sides could “win.” It was great advice. From that conversation, we decided to concentrate on teaching students a strategy that would result in everyone on the team gaining knowledge about both sides of the topic and then making an informed decision. Our focus in the Build Strategy program became understanding and education rather than competition; as a result, students learn as much as possible about an issue from the perspective of both sides.

Indeed, during our pretest observations prior to teaching the strategy, observers watched students become invested in one “side” of an issue and often threatened to fight “to the death” to “win” the argument. In absolute contrast, after instruction in the Build Strategy, the posttest team sessions were not arguments. Instead, they represented a civilized process in which students listened and shared information about the pros and cons of both sides of an issue and eventually voted on a decision that was based on what they had learned instead of an emotional investment.

When I think about some of the adult decision-making discussions/arguments I’ve witnessed, I certainly realize that there were definitely times when everyone would have benefited from a peaceful BUILD-Strategy approach to resolving an issue instead of the “gang war” version of making a decision! This is a strategy that can be used by anyone at any age!

Teacher and Student Feedback on the BUILD Strategy:
The results of the field test demonstrated that students who received instruction in the Build Strategy could work together more effectively to resolve a controversial issue than students who did not receive the instruction. Experimental students with and without exceptionalities examined an issue and defined the opposing sides, gathered information about both sides of the issue, discussed the consequences of decisions, identified possible compromises, reviewed the facts, made a personal decision, and conducted a team vote as to the best way to resolve the issue.

In addition, the Build Strategy was strongly endorsed by both teachers and students. Teachers commented: “Understanding others’ viewpoints, knowing there are processes that lead to peaceful resolution, and developing teamwork skills are all beneficial,” “The thing I liked most about the Build Strategy was the process that students were taught to follow. They need ways to organize thoughts into productive systems and solutions,” “This strategy filled a need in my class. The strategy was straightforward to learn and implement, logical in the approach to the area it addressed, and enjoyable for students to use. Integrating the SCORE Skills into all strategies has also been a very effective way to keep reinforcing these crucial behaviors,” and “The Build Strategy really forced students to use high-level thinking skills.”

Eighty-six percent of the students in our field test recommended that all fourth- or fifth-grade students receive this instruction. Comments from students included, “It really helped me make decisions easily. I like the way it is split up into different steps,” “I can use the Build Strategy for my life,” “The thing I liked the best was that I got to work with people I never worked with before and nobody was closed-minded,” “It helped me see both sides of an issue and not just pick the one that sounded better,” and “Most students do not know how to wisely make decisions. Using this strategy is good practice.”

Reactions from university students have been positive as well. After I’ve introduced and taught students in my university classes how to teach the SCORE Skills and Build Strategy to their students, I ask four-person teams to use the skills and strategy to peacefully discuss, understand, and make decisions on a variety of issues that I collect from the local newspaper (e.g., Should cell phones be banned while driving?) This is a popular activity. Students leave class determined to teach the Build Strategy in their classes so that they can help their students “Seek first to understand, then to be understood” (Steven Covey).